Kernel updates sometimes do break the vmmon/vmnet build. Don't hold your breath for VMware to fix it. The best bet is mkubecek. So it is not really about the version of Workstation 17.x but the kernel updates breaking the vmmon/vmnet builds.
You could try rebooting the Ubuntu 22.04 host with the previous kernel (6.2.0-39-generic ??) and rebuiild the vmmon/vmmnet modules. It will be as if the kernel was not updated. Then just rebuild (assuming you haven't taken anything yet from mkubecek's github)
sudo vmware-modconfig --console --install-all
Otherwise, you should try mkubecek github updates and see whether it resolves the vmmon/vmnet rebuild issues with the 6.15.0-14 kernel.
As for your VMs, they should be fine. It is a bit like your Word documents will be intact even if the Microsoft Word program is crashing/not working/uninstalled.