to implement vCenter HA however there is not documentation or if there is it is very gray no explanation or architectural documents how vCenter HA "knows" that Active vCenter is not available.
I'm not an expert, but i have run and used VCHA. The witness node is how VCHA knows the active vCenter is not available. This is the node that initiates the failover, and i believe does so immediately. However the process takes about 5 minutes to initialize the Passive Standby such that it becomes the Active vCenter.
Note that VCHA isn't supported by Veeam. Its possible that may have changed now, as i know they were looking to add support, but it was still unsupported the last time i checked.
HTH
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